American physicist born in Madison, Wisconsin, who lived from 1908 to 1991. He
was known for his studies of semiconductivity (see Semiconductor) and other aspects of Solid-State Physics. The first to win a Nobel Prize twice in the same field, Bardeen shared the
1956 physics prize with Walter Brattain and William Shockley, for work in
developing the Transistor, and the 1972 physics prize with Leon Cooper and John Schreiffer, for their
theory of Superconductivity.